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ObjectiveTo compare the retest reliability and discriminant validity of dynamic postural stability indices for functional ankle instability (FAI) obtained by different algorithms based on acceleration signals at different positions of human body. MethodsFrom April to June, 2021, 21 subjects with unilateral FAI and 21 subjects with normal ankle were recruited. Three inertial sensors were attached to the waist points, knee and ankle positions. The ground reaction force (GRF) and kinematics data of the subjects in multi-direction single leg landing test were collected synchronously by 3D force plate and inertial sensors. The unbounded third order polynomial (UTOP) fitting method was used to calculate the stability time, and the root mean square was used to caculate the stability index. ResultsMost of the indicators calculated based on acceleration signal correlated with that based on GRF with low coefficient (|r| = 0.116 to 0.368, P < 0.05). The stability time and stability index based on the acceleration signals of different positions of human body showed low to high retest reliability (CMC 0.30 to 0.91). For the females, among the stability time based on acceleration signal, eleven indexes achieved average to very high discriminant validity (AUC = 0.702 to 0.942, P < 0.05); eight of the stability indexes reached general level of discriminant validity (AUC = 0.717 to 0.782, P < 0.05). No algorithms achieved good discriminant effect in male subjects. ConclusionBased on the acceleration signal of waist point in single-leg landing stability test, the stability time calculated by UTOP algorithm can evaluate the dynamic postural stability of female FAI patients with high discriminant validity and medium to high retest reliability.
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Objective:To evaluate the effect of irisin on the alveolar macrophage polarization in a rat model of ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI).Methods:Thirty SPF healthy adult male Sprague-Dawley rats, aged 6-8 weeks, weighing 200-250 g, were divided into 3 groups ( n=10 each) using a random number table method: control group (group C), VILI group (group V) and irisin group (group I). The rats were mechanically ventilation (tidal volume 20 ml/kg, respiratory rate 80 times/min, inhaled oxygen concentration 21%, inspiratory/expiratory ratio 1∶2, positive end-expiratory pressure 0) for 4 h to develop VILI model.Group C kept spontaneous breathing for 4 h. Irisin 1 μg/kg was injected via the tail vein at 30 min before tracheal intubation in group I, while the equal volume of normal saline was given instead in the other groups.The rats were sacrificed at 4 h of mechanical ventilation, the lung tissues were removed for examination of pathological changes which were scored and for determination of wet to dry weight ratio (W/D ratio), and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was collected for determination of concentrations of interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and IL-10 (by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), argininase 1 (Arg-1), and phosphorylated nuclear factor kappa B (p-NF-κB) p65 and p-NF-κB p50 in alveolar macrophages (by Western blot), and percentage of M1 and M2 alveolar macrophages and M1/M2 ratio (by flow cytometry). Results:Compared with group C, the W/D ratio, lung injury score, and concentrations of IL-6, TNF-α and IL-10 in BALF were significantly increased, the expression of iNOS, Arg-1, p-NF-κB p65 and p-NF-κB p50 was up-regulated, and the percentage of M1 and M2 alveolar macrophages and M1/M2 ratio were increased in group V and group I ( P<0.05). Compared with group V, the W/D ratio, lung injury score, and concentrations of IL-6 and TNF-α in BALF were significantly decreased, the expression of iNOS and p-NF-κB p65 was down-regulated, the percentage of M1 alveolar macrophages and M1/M2 ratio were decreased ( P<0.05), and no significant change was found in levels of IL-10 and Arg-1 in BALF, percentage of M2 alveolar macrophages and expression of p-NF-κB p50 in group I ( P>0.05). Conclusions:The mechanism by which irisin reduces VILI may be related to inhibition of NF-κB signaling pathway activation and reduction of alveolar macrophage polarization to M1 phenotype in rats.
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Objective:To investigate the effect of irisin on pyroptosis in rats with ventilator-induced lung injury.Methods:Thirty-six healthy clean-grade male Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing 200-250 g, aged 6-8 weeks, were divided into 3 groups ( n=12 each) using a random number table method: control group (group C), ventilator-induced lung injury group (group V) and ventilator-induced lung injury plus irisin group (group V+ I). In group V+ I, irisin 1 μg/kg was injected via the tail vein before mechanical ventilation.The animals were mechanically ventilated (tidal volume of 40 ml/kg, respiratory rate 60 breaths/min, inspiratory/expiratory ratio 1∶2, positive end expiratory pressure 0 and inspired oxygen fraction ratio 21%.Blood samples were then taken from the femoral artery for blood gas analysis, and PaO 2 was recorded.Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was collected, the total protein concentrations in BALF were measured, and the concentrations of BALF and serum interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18 were measure by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.The lung tissues were obtained for determination of the pathological changes after HE staining which were scored, wet to dry weight (W/D) ratio, expression of pyroptosis-related proteins N-terminal gasdermin D (GSDMD-N) and caspase-1 protein and mRNA (by Western blot or using real-time polymerase chain reaction). Results:Compared with group C, the lung injury score and W/D ratio were significantly increased, PaO 2 and OI were decreased, the total protein concentrations in BALF, concentrations of IL-1β and IL-18 in BALF and serum were increased, and the expression of caspase-1 and GSDMD-N protein and mRNA was up-regulated in group V ( P<0.01). Compared with group V, the lung injury score and W/D ratio were significantly decreased, PaO 2 and OI were increased, the total protein concentrations in BALF, concentrations of serum IL-1β and IL-18 in BALF and serum were decreased, and the expression of caspase-1 and GSDMD-N protein and mRNA was down-regulated in group V+ I ( P<0.01). Conclusion:The mechanism by which irisin reduces ventilator-induced lung injury is probably related to inhibiting pyroptosis in rats.
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Objective:To evaluate the effect of irisin on ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) in rats and the relationship with expression of NOD-like receptor pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasomes.Methods:Thirty-six SPF-grade healthy adult male Sprague-Dawley rats, aged 6-8 weeks, weighing 220-300 g, were divided into 3 groups ( n=12 each) using a random number table method: control group (group C), group VILI and irisin group (group I). All the groups underwent tracheotomy and intubation, group C kept spontaneous breathing for 4 h, and the animals were mechanically ventilated for 4 h in VILI and I groups.Irisin 1 μg/kg was injected via the tail vein at 30 min before tracheal intubation in group I, and the equal volume of normal saline mixture (normal saline∶phosphate buffer solution containing 5% trehalose=1∶9) were given in the other 2 groups via the tail vein.The rats were mechanically ventilated with the tidal volume of 20 ml/kg, respiratory rate 80 breaths/min, inspiratory/expiratory ratio 1∶1, inspired oxygen fraction ratio 21% and positive end-expiratory pressure 0.Blood samples from left femoral artery were collected before tracheal intubation and at the end of mechanical ventilation for detection of PaO 2.The animals were sacrificed and the lung tissue samples and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were then collected for examination of the pathological changes (under the light microscope), and for determination of wet to dry weight (W/D) ratio and the concentrations of total protein in BALF and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18 in BALF and serum (by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in alveolar macrophages in BALF (by DCFH-DA) and the expression of NLRP3, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein (ASC) and caspase-1 protein and mRNA in lung tissues (by Western blot and by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction). The pathological changes of the lung were scored. Results:Compared with group C, PaO 2 was significantly decreased at the end of mechanical ventilation, lung injury score and W/D ratio were increased, concentration of total protein and ROS level in alveolar macrophages in BALF and concentrations of BALF, IL-1β and IL-18 in serum were increased, and the expression of NLRP3, ASC and caspase-1 protein and mRNA in lung tissues was up-regulated in group VILI and group I ( P<0.01). Compared with group VILI, PaO 2 was significantly increased at the end of mechanical ventilation, lung injury score and W/D ratio were decreased, concentration of total protein and ROS level in alveolar macrophages in BALF and concentrations of BALF, IL-1β and IL-18 in serum were decreased, and the expression of NLRP3, ASC and caspase-1 protein and mRNA in lung tissues was down-regulated in group I ( P<0.05). Conclusion:Irisin can reduce VILI, and the mechanism is related to inhibiting activation of NLRP3 inflammasome and reducing inflammatory response in rats.
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Objective By making biomechanical analysis of double poling (DP) technique on uphill terrain used by Chinese male cross-country (XC) skiers, to characterize biomechanical differences in DP for skiers at different levels, and determine the influence from motion techniques of skiers on their sports performance. Methods Twenty-four male XC skiers who participated in the 15 km classical race at the Beishan ski resort in Jilin, China, on Sept. 11-12, 2019 were selected in this study. On the basis of their race performance, they were divided into faster skiing group (n=12) and slower skiing group (n=12). The kinematic variables of the skiers were obtained by three-dimensional (3D) shooting, and the differences in cycle characteristics, action phases and key technique variables for skiers in two groups were analyzed. Results Faster skiers had a faster DP velocity. There was a positive correlation between swing distance and velocity. The swing distance was positively correlated with average angular velocity of elbow extension in poling phase, average angular velocity of shoulder extension in swing phase, and range of motion (ROM) of shoulder abduction. The swing distance was negatively correlated with extension of the elbow in poling phase. All the above variables showed statistical differences between faster and slower skiers. Conclusions For a long distance competition, the difference in DP velocity on uphill terrain was mainly casued by the difference in swing distance, which originated from the swing phase. Faster skier had a longer swing distance. The differences in the swing distance came mainly from the shoulder and elbow joints. Therefore, slower XC skiers in China should strengthen muscle strength of the upper limbs, especially the shoulder and elbow joint strength. More forward body leaning and larger hip and knee flexion angle at pole plant might help the skier to cover more distance.
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Objective:To evaluate the effect of rapamycin on the activity of NOD-like receptor C4 (NLRC4) inflammasomes in the rats with ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI).Methods:Thirty-six healthy clean-grade male Sprague-Dawley rats, aged 6-8 weeks, weighing 200-250 g, were divided into 3 groups ( n=12 each) using a random number table method: control group (group C), VILI group and rapamycin group (group RAPA). In group RAPA, rapamycin 4 mg·kg -1·d -1 was intraperitoneally injected once a day for 3 consecutive days before establishing the model, while the equal volume of normal saline was given instead in group C and group VILI.The patients were mechanically ventilated for 4 h (tidal volume 20 ml/kg, respiratory rate 80 breaths/min, inspiratory/expiratory ratio 1∶1, fraction of inspired oxygen 21%) in VILI and RAPA groups.Blood samples were collected from the femoral artery after the end of ventilation for blood gas analysis and for determination of serum interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-18 (IL-18) concentrations (by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), and PaO 2 was recorded.The bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was collected for determination of the neutrophil count and IL-1β and IL-18 concentrations by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.The lung tissues were obtained for examination of the pathological changes (under the light microscope) after HE staining which were scored and for determination of wet to dry weight (W/D) ratio, and expression of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), NLRC4 and caspase-1 (by Western blot) and expression of NLRC4 mRNA (by real-time polymerase chain reaction). Results:Compared with group C, the W/D ratio, lung injury score, neutrophil counts in BALF, and concentrations of IL-1β and IL-18 in serum and BALF were significantly increased, PaO 2 was decreased, and the expression of mTOR, NLRC4, caspase-1 and NLRC4 mRNA was up-regulated in group VILI and group RAPA ( P<0.01). Compared with group VILI, the W/D ratio, lung injury score, neutrophil counts in BALF, and concentrations of IL-1β and IL-18 in serum and BALF were significantly decreased, PaO 2 was increased, and the expression of mTOR, NLRC4, caspase-1 and NLRC4 mRNA was down-regulated in group RAPA ( P<0.05). Conclusion:The mechanism by which rapamycin alleviates VILI may be related to inhibiting activation of mTOR signaling pathway and inhibiting the activity of NLRC4 inflammasomes in rats.
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Objective:To evaluate the obesity factor on ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) in rats.Methods:Forty-five clean-grade male Sprague-Dawley rats, aged 6-8 weeks, were divided into 3 groups ( n = 15 each)according to the body weight: normal weight control group (group C), normal weight VILI group (group CV) and obese VILI group (group FV). The body weight was 233-267 g in C and CV groups and 288-332 g in FV group.In group C, the tidal volume (V T) was 10 ml/kg.In CV and FV groups, the rats were ventilated for 4 h with the V T set at 40 ml/kg, respiratory rate 40 breaths/min, inspiratory/expiratory ratio 1∶2, PEEP 0 mmHg, and fraction of inspired oxygen 21% to establish the VILI model.The arterial blood samples were collected immediately before tracheal intubation and at 4 h of mechanical ventilation for blood gas analysis and PaO 2 recording.The remaining blood samples were used for plasma collection.The rats were sacrificed after blood collection at 4 h of ventilation, and the bilateral lung tissues were isolated to collect the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). The concentrations of leptin in plasma and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in plasma and BALF were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.The wet/dry weight (W/D) ratio of lung tissues was measured.The pathological changes of lung tissues were observed after HE staining, and the lung injury score was evaluated.The expression of NF-κB p65 in lung tissues was detected by Western blot. Results:Compared with group C and group CV, the plasma leptin concentration was significantly increased in group FV( P<0.01). Compared with group C, the concentrations of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β in plasma and BALF were significantly increased, PaO 2 was decreased, the lung injury score and W/D ratio of lung tissues were increased, and NF-κB p65 expression was up-regulated at 4 h of ventilation in CV and FV groups ( P<0.01). Compared with group CV, the concentrations of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β in plasma and BALF were significantly decreased, PaO 2 was increased, the lung injury score and W/D ratio of lung tissues were decreased, and NF-κB p65 expression was down-regulated at 4 h of ventilation in group FV ( P<0.05). Conclusion:Obesity factor can reduce VILI in rats, and the mechanism may be related to the increase in plasma leptin levels.
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Objective:To evaluate the relationship between protein kinase C-delta (PKCδ) and pyroptosis during ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) in rats.Methods:Thirty-six clean-grade healthy adult male Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing 200-250 g, were divided into 3 groups ( n=12 each) using a random number table method: control group (group C), group VILI, and VILI plus specific PKCδ inhibitor KAI 9803 group (group K). Phosphate buffer solution 200 μl was injected through the tracheal tube after intubation in group VILI, and KAI 9803 200 μg/kg was given instead in group K. The patients were mechanically ventilated (tidal volume 40 ml/kg, respiratory rate 60 breaths/min, inspiratory/expiratory ratio 1∶2, fraction of inspired oxygen 21%, positive end-expiratory pressure 0) for 4 h. Blood samples were taken from the femoral artery at the end of mechanical ventilation for blood gas analysis, and PaO 2 was recorded.Animals were sacrificed at the end of ventilation, lung tissues were removed, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was prepared.The total protein concentrations in BALF were measured by coomassie blue staining, and concentrations of interleukin-18 (IL-18) and IL-1β in BALF by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Lung tissues were obtained for microscopic examination of the pathological changes which were scored and for determination of wet/dry weight ratio (W/D ratio) and expression of PKCδ and gasdermin D N terminal fragment (GSDMD-N) protein and mRNA (by Western blot or by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction). Results:Compared with group C, the lung injury score, W/D ratio, and concentrations of total protein, IL-18 and IL-1β in BALF were significantly increased, PaO 2 was decreased, and the expression of PKCδ and GSDMD-N protein and mRNA was up-regulated in VILI and K groups ( P<0.01). Compared with group VILI, the lung injury score, W/D ratio, and concentrations of total protein, IL-18 and IL-1β in BALF were significantly decreased, PaO 2 was increased, and the expression of PKCδ and GSDMD-N protein and mRNA was down-regulated in group K ( P<0.05 or 0.01). Conclusion:PKCδ can mediates the pathophysiological process of VILI in which pyrolysis is involved in rats.
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Objective:To evaluate the role of protein kinase C-delta (PKC-δ) in ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) and the relationship with NLR family CARD domain-containing protein 4 (NLRC4) in rats.Methods:Thirty-six clean-grade healthy adult male Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing 200-250 g, were divided into 3 groups ( n=12 each) using a random number table method: control group (group C), VILI group (group V) and VILI plus KAI 9803 group (group VK). In V and VK groups, tracheal tubes were placed for mechanical ventilation after tracheotomy, ventilator settings were adjusted with a tidal volume of 40 ml/kg, respiratory rate of 60 breaths/min, and inspiratory/expiratory ratio of 1∶2, and air was inhaled.Group C received no mechanical ventilation after tracheal intubation.Immediately after completion of intubation, PKC-δ specific inhibitor KAI 9803 200 μg/kg was intratracheally injected in group VK, and the equal volume of phosphate buffer saline was given instead in the other two groups.Blood samples were taken from the femoral artery at 4 h of mechanical ventilation to record PaO 2.The chest was opened at the end of mechanical ventilation, lung tissues were removed, and the left lung tissues were lavaged to collect bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). The pathological changes of lung tissues were examined with a light microscope and scored.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect the concentrations of interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) and IL-18 in BALF, Western blot was used to detect the expression of NLRC4, caspase-1 and PKC-δ in the right lower lobe of the lung, and the expression of NLRC4 mRNA in the right lower lobe of the lung was determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction, and the wet/dry weight ratio (W/D ratio) of the right middle lobe of the lung was calculated. Results:Compared with group C, the pathological score and W/D ratio were significantly increased, PaO 2 was decreased, the concentrations of IL-1β and IL-18 in BALF were increased, and the expression of NLRC4, caspase-1 and NLRC4 mRNA was up-regulated in V and VK groups, and the expression of PKC-δ was significantly up-regulated ( P<0.01), and a large amount of edema fluid was seen in the alveolar space, with inflammatory cell infiltration in group V ( P<0.01). Compared with group V, the pathological score and W/D ratio were significantly decreased, PaO 2 was increased, the concentrations of IL-1β and IL-18 in BALF were decreased, the expression of NLRC4, caspase-1, PKC-δ and NLRC4 mRNA was down-regulated ( P<0.05), and fluid exudation in the alveolar space and the degree of inflammatory cell infiltration were significantly attenuated in group VK. Conclusion:PKC-δ is involved in VILI, which is related to inhibiting NLRC4 expression in rats.
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Objective To build a method for calculating the optimal length of hamstring muscles in vivo, and make comparison with other indirect parameters which represent the optimal length. Methods By synchronously recording knee flexion torque and kinematic data, the musculoskeletal model of lower limbs was built to obtain hamstring strength and muscle length, and to further calculate the optimal length of hamstring muscles. Results Flexion angle at peak knee flexion torque was significantly greater than that at peak hamstring strength and their correlation coefficient was 0.741. The optimal lengths of each bi-articulated hamstring muscles were significantly greater than the corresponding muscle lengths during standing and their correlation coefficients was low. Conclusions The established estimating method for optimal length of hamstring muscles provided references for future studies on injury mechanism and risk factors. Flexion angle at peak knee flexion torque could partly represent the optimal length of hamstring. It is not suggested that hamstring muscle length during standing should be used as an approximation of hamstring optimal length.
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Inflammasomes are a group of multiprotein complexes in cells that could be activated when they perceive external microbial invasions and intrinsic aseptic stress signals. However, the activation of inflammasomes and the association between their structures and functions have not been elucidated. New progress has been made in the study of the structure and activation mechanism of NLRC4 inflammasome, which helps to fill the gaps. NLRC4 inflammasome plays an important role in systemic inflammation and programmed cell death, which provides important clues for the study of NLRC4-related inflammatory diseases including metabolic diseases, tumors and autoimmune diseases.
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Objective@#To evaluate the effect of penehyclidine hydrochloride on the expression of airway mucin 5AC (MUC5AC) during ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) and the relationship with Toll-like receptor 4/myeloid differentiation factor 88 (TLR4/MyD88) signaling pathway in rats.@*Methods@#Thirty-six clean-grade healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats, aged 6-8 weeks, weighing 200-250 g, were divided into 3 groups (n=12 each) using a random number table method: sham operation group (group S), VILI group (group VILI), and penehyclidine hydrochloride group (group P). The rats were tracheotomized in group S. The rats were tracheotomized, connected to a small animal ventilator and mechanically ventilated for 4 h with the tidal volume of 20 ml/kg, respiratory rate 80 breaths/min, inspiratory/expiratory ratio 1∶1, and inspired oxygen fraction ratio 21% in VILI and P groups.At 30 min before mechanical ventilation, penehyclidine hydrochloride 2 mg/kg was injected via the tail vein in group P, and the equal volume of normal saline was given instead in S and VILI groups.At 4 h of mechanical ventilation, the arterial blood samples were taken for measurement of PaO2.The rats were then sacrificed, and broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was collected for determination of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) concentrations by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.The lung specimens were collected for calculation of the wet/dry weight ratio (W/D ratio), for examination of pathological changes which were scored after haematoxylin and eosin staining (under a light microscope), and for determination of the expression of MUC5AC (by immunohistochemistry), expression of TLR4, MyD88, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) in lung tissues (by Western blot), and expression of MUC5AC mRNA in lung tissues (by real-time polymerase chain reaction).@*Results@#Compared with group S, PaO2 was significantly decreased, the W/D ratio and lung injury score were increased, the expression of MUC5AC protein and mRNA was up-regulated, the concentrations of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in BALF were increased, and the expression of TLR4, p38MAPK, MyD88 and NF-κB was up-regulated in VILI and P groups (P<0.01). Compared with group VILI, PaO2 was significantly increased, the W/D ratio and lung injury score were decreased, the expression of MUC5AC protein and mRNA was down-regulated, the concentrations of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in BALF were decreased, and the expression of TLR4, p38MAPK, MyD88 and NF-κB was down-regulated in group P (P<0.05).@*Conclusion@#Penehyclidine hydrochloride can decrease the expression of airway MUC5AC during VILI, and the mechanism may be related to inhibiting activation of TLR4/MyD88 signaling pathway in rats.
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Objective To evaluate the effect of penehyclidine hydrochloride on the expression of airway mucin 5AC(MUC5AC)during ventilator-induced lung injury(VILI)and the relationship with Toll-like receptor 4/myeloid differentiation factor 88(TLR4/MyD88)signaling pathway in rats.Methods Thir-ty-six clean-grade healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats,aged 6-8 weeks,weighing 200-250 g,were divided into 3 groups(n＝12 each)using a random number table method: sham operation group(group S),VILI group(group VILI),and penehyclidine hydrochloride group(group P).The rats were tracheotomized in group S.The rats were tracheotomized,connected to a small animal ventilator and mechanically ventilated for 4 h with the tidal volume of 20 ml/kg,respiratory rate 80 breaths/min,inspiratory/expiratory ratio 1 ∶1,and inspired oxygen fraction ratio 21％in VILI and P groups.At 30 min before mechanical ventilation,penehyclidine hydrochloride 2 mg/kg was injected via the tail vein in group P,and the equal volume of nor-mal saline was given instead in S and VILI groups.At 4 h of mechanical ventilation,the arterial blood sam-ples were taken for measurement of PaO2.The rats were then sacrificed,and broncho-alveolar lavage fluid(BALF)was collected for determination of interleukin-1β(IL-1β),IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)concentrations by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.The lung specimens were collected for calculation of the wet/dry weight ratio(W/D ratio),for examination of pathological changes which were scored after haematoxylin and eosin staining(under a light microscope),and for determination of the ex-pression of MUC5AC(by immunohistochemistry),expression of TLR4,MyD88,p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase(p38MAPK)and nuclear factor-kappa B(NF-κB)in lung tissues(by Western blot),and expression of MUC5AC mRNA in lung tissues(by real-time polymerase chain reaction).Results Com-pared with group S,PaO2 was significantly decreased,the W/D ratio and lung injury score were increased,the expression of MUC5AC protein and mRNA was up-regulated,the concentrations of IL-1β,IL-6 and TNF-α in BALF were increased,and the expression of TLR4,p38MAPK,MyD88 and NF-κB was up-reg-ulated in VILI and P groups(P＜0.01).Compared with group VILI,PaO2 was significantly increased,the W/D ratio and lung injury score were decreased,the expression of MUC5AC protein and mRNA was down-regulated,the concentrations of IL-1β,IL-6 and TNF-α in BALF were decreased,and the expression of TLR4,p38MAPK,MyD88 and NF-κB was down-regulated in group P(P＜0.05).Conclusion Penehy-clidine hydrochloride can decrease the expression of airway MUC5AC during VILI,and the mechanism may be related to inhibiting activation of TLR4/MyD88 signaling pathway in rats.
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Objective To evaluate the efficacy of oxycodone combined with thoracic paravertebral block ( TPVB) for postoperative analgesia in patients undergoing minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass grafting ( MIDCABG) . Methods Thirty-two American Society of Anesthesiologists physical statusⅡorⅢpatients of both sexes, aged 60-75 yr, weighing 50-85 kg, scheduled for elective MIDCABG un-der general anesthesia, were divided into 2 groups ( n=16 each) using a random number table method:morphine plus TPVB group ( group MT) and oxycodone plus TPVB group ( group OT) . Paravertebral cathe-ter was placed at T4,5 before induction of anesthesia to perform left thoracic paravertebral puncture, patients were tracheally intubated, and 0. 375％ ropivacaine 15 ml was injected followed by continuous infusion of 0. 375％ ropivacaine 5 ml∕h until 0. 5 h before the end of surgery. Both groups received patient-controlled analgesia ( PCA) after surgery. The PCA solution contained 1 mg∕ml morphine 60 ml in group MT or 1 mg∕ml oxycodone 60 ml in group OT, and the PCA pump was set up to deliver a 1 mg bolus dose with a 10-min lockout interval and background infusion at 1 ml∕h after a loading dose of 2 mg, with the maximum dose of 20 mg every 4 h. Pethidine 50 mg was intravenously injected as a rescue analgesic to maintain visual ana-log scale≤4. The intraoperative consumption of fentanyl, consumption of analgesics for PCA within 48 h after surgery, ratio of total to effective pressing times of PCA, consumption of analgesics for rescue analge-sia, requirement for rescue analgesia, score of satisfactory analgesia, extubation time, duration of inten-sive care unit stay and length of hospital stay were recorded. The development of nausea and vomiting, pru-ritus, respiratory depression, atelectasis and somnolence was recorded within 72 h after surgery. Results Compared with group MT, the intraoperative consumption of fentanyl, consumption of analgesics for PCA, consumption of analgesics for rescue analgesia, requirement for rescue analgesia and ratio of total to effec-tive pressing times of PCA were significantly decreased, the score of satisfactory analgesia was increased, the extubation time and duration of intensive care unit stay were shortened, and the incidence of nausea and vomiting, pruritus, respiratory depression and somnolence was decreased in group OT (P<0. 05). Con-clusion Oxycodone combined with TPVB provides safe and effective efficacy for postoperative analgesia in patients undergoing MIDCABG.
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Objective To evaluate the effect of high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) on lung injury in the piglets with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).Methods Twelve male piglets,aged 6-8 weeks,weighing 14-16 kg,were randomly divided into 2 groups (n=6 each) using a random number table:conventional mechanical ventilation with low tidal volume group (CMV group) and HFOV group.ARDS was induced by bilateral pulmonary lavages with isotonic saline (38 ℃),repeated every 10 min until the oxygenation index＜200 mmHg.After successful establishment of the model,CMV group was ventilated using conventional mechanical ventilation with low tidal volumes.After successful establishment of the model,HFOV group was ventilated using HFOV,lung recruitment was performed,the airway pressure was set at 25 cmH2O and maintained at this level for 30 s,and the airway pressure was then adjusted 5 cmH2O higher than that after successful establishment of the model,with bias flow 25 L/min,inspiratory time ratio 33％,frequency 8 Hz,amplitude 40-80 cmH2O,and inspiratory oxygen fraction 1.0.In both groups,carbon dioxide partial pressure was maintained between 35 and 50 mmHg.Before establishment of the model (baseline),after successful establishment of the model (T1),and at 0.5,1.0,2.0 and 4.0 h after beginning of mechanical ventilation (T2-5),blood samples were collected from the femoral artery and central vein for blood gas analysis,arterial oxygen partial pressure and carbon dioxide partial pressure were recorded,oxygen delivery index,oxygen consumption index,oxygenation index and intrapulmonary shunt were calculated,and the improvement in pulmonary function (oxygenation index ≥ 200 mmHg) was recorded.At T0,T1 and T5,venous blood samples were collected for determination of the concentrations of serum Clara cell secretory protein 16,soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1,and high-mobility group box 1.Results Compared with CMV group,the arterial oxygen partial pressure at T35 and oxygenation index at T4.5 were significantly increased (P ＜ 0.05),and no significant change was found in the other parameters in HFOV group (P＞0.05).Conclusion Compared with conventional mechanical ventilation with low tidal volumes,although HFOV improves lung oxygenation,the degree is small in the piglets with ARDS.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe the effect of transcutaneous acupoint electric stimulation on the postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) and explore its mechanism.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Ninety cases of elective cesarean section of I to II grade in American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) were collected and randomized into a transcutaneous acupoint electric stimulation group (group A), a sham-acupoint group (group B) and a blank control group (group C), 30 cases in each one. In the group A, 30 min before operation, the transcutaneous electric stimulation was applied to bilateral Neiguan (PC 6) and Zusanli (ST 36). The stimulation lasted during operation and 1 h after operation. In the group B, the same electric stimulation was given at the sites 3 cm lateral to the medial sides of Neiguan (PC 6) and Zusanli (ST 36). In the group C, the electric plaster was attached to bilateral Neiguan (PC 6) and Zusanli (ST 36), without any electric stimulation. The lumbar epidural combined anesthesia and the postoperative analgesia were same in each group. The mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR) , oxygen saturation of blood (SpO2) and the VAS (visual analogue scale) score of nausea and vomiting were recorded before acupoint stimulation (T0), at skin incision (T1), fetal delivery (T2), abdominal exploration (T3) and 1 h after operation (T4) as well as bleeding and application of oxytocin, ephedrine and atropine during operation separately. The changes of plasma 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) concentration were observed at T0 and 30 min after electric stimulation.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The differences were not significant in MAP, HP and SpO2 at each time point of the three groups (all P> 0.05). The differences were not significant in bleeding and application of oxytocin, ephedrine and atropine during operation (all P > 0.05). The scores of nausea and vomiting in the group A during T1 to T4 were lower than those in the group B and group C (all P < 0.05). In the group A, 30 min after transcutaneous acupoint electric stimulation, plasma 5-HT concentration was lower than those in the group B and group C (both P < 0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The transcutaneous acupoint electric stimulation apparently relieves nausea and vomiting during and after cesarean section and the mechanism is relevant with the decrease of plasma 5-HT concentration.</p>
Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Pregnancy , Young Adult , Acupuncture Points , Cesarean Section , Electric Stimulation , Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting , Blood , Therapeutics , Serotonin , BloodABSTRACT
Objective To evaluate the effects of different types of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) on high frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV)-improved extravascular lung water and pulmonary vascular permeability in piglets.Methods Twelve healthy piglets,weighing 15-20 kg,were randomly allocated into 2 groups (n =6 each) using a random number table:endogenous ARDS (P group) and exogenous ARDS (EXP group).Anesthesia was induced with midazolam and propofol.The tracheal tube was inserted.Anesthesia was maintained with iv infusion of propofol and fentanyl.ARDS was induced with normal saline infused via the tracheal tube in group P.ARDS was induced with oleic acid 0.05 ml/kg injected intravenously over 45-60 min in group EXP.Then 4 h of HFOV was performed.Before ARDS (T0),immediately after ARDS (Ti) and at 1,2,3 and 4 h of HFOV (T2-5),arterial blood samples were collected for blood gas analysis and the variables such as extravascular lung water index (EVLWI),pulmonary vascular permeability index (PVPI),and extravascular lung water (EVLW)/intra thoracic blood volume (ITBV) were monitored.The oxygenation index (PaO2/FiO2) was calculated.Results Compared with the baseline value at T0,the oxygenation index was decreased at T1,and the oxygenation index was less than 200 mm Hg in the two groups (P ＜ 0.05).There was no significant difference in the maximum degree of changes in EVLWI,PVPI and EVLW/ITBV between the two groups (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion Endogenous and exogenous ARDS disease factor does not affect HFOV-improved extravascular lung water and pulmonary vascular permeability in piglets.
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Objective To explore the pressure of hospitalized patients and protrudent problem of mental stress.Methods Choosing 150 non-psychiatric patients in random for investigation using mental status scale in non-psychiatric patients.At last, data were analyzed to find out the stressors they were bear-ing in hospital.Results There existed mental pressures in hospitalized patients in some degree."to ex-pect to recover health early" was the highest score (7.21±3.17), and "to worry about their position de-creased after disease" got the lowest score, (2.56±2.15).The mental stress of hospitalized patients was cor-related with age, sex, education degree, income and marital status.Conclusions There existed mental pressures in hospitalized patients in some degree.Different mental stressor shows different psychological re-action, we should take different measures to improve the life and nursing quality of hospitalized patients.
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Objective To discuss the compatibility and current situation of social support and the influencing factors of nursing undergraduate students. Methods The university student compatible meter and the the social support meter were used to investigate 394 nursing undergraduate students and the re-sult underwent analysis. Results (1)The difference existed in compatibility and social support in un-dergraduate students of different grades. (2)The compatibility of students was correlated with the physical state and the properties of their high school. (3)The social support of the undergraduate students was cor-related with the disposition and the relations with their family. Conclusions The nursing undergraduate students have different compatibility and social support, which were influenced by many factors.Education managers should improve the compatibility and social support of them by adopting selective measures.
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Objective To discuss the feasibility of developing psychological pressure assessment tools coping with hospitalized patients based on Neuman systems model. Methods We analyzed the fea-sibility of developing assessing tools specifically by theoretical analysis, literature review and case study.Results It was proved that Neuman systems model was suitable for guiding the development and applica-tion of assessment tools for evaluating the psychological pressure. Conclusions Neuman Systems Model could effectively evaluate the psychological pressure of non-psychiatric settings. Therefore, it can be con-cluded that the model is suitable for developing the psychological assessment tools for hospitalized patients.